Function Curry in Java8




One of the important features of a functional program is Function Currying.As we know java8 introduce lambda which brings some functional nature in java programming. We are blessed that by an intelligent use of Lambda we can create Function currying by own. Although Java8 does not have Currying facilities we can create it by ourselves. In this section, I will discuss the detail step How to create Currying in Java 8.



What is a Function Currying?
To understand the function currying let first understand what is a Partial function.

A partial function is the application of a part of a function.

To be very simple, Suppose I have a java method called add which takes two arguments as input then capability of applying one argument is called the Partial function.

Maybe you are astonished in this moment why the hell we need to do that?

Let me tell you, This is a very rich concept and it helps you to write a rich API and reduce the Repeating of yourself (DRY). It actually eliminates the conceptual duplication.

Now I am trying to describe it with a example so you can understand the above paragraph well.

Suppose, I want to write a generic compute function which takes two inputs and takes a BiFunction (Java 8 functional Interface) so I can pass behavior on the fly which will be applied to the two inputs argument.

Example

public  Integer compute(Integer a, Integer b,BiFunction<Integer,Integer,Integer> function){      
       return function.apply(a,b);
    }


By this compute method I can apply add, multiply, division whatever on these passing parameters a and b.

So I will call the Compute function in following way
BiFunction<Integer,Integer,Integer> addFunction =  (a,b)-> a+b;
Integer summation = fc.compute(50, 20, addFunction);
System.out.println("Summation is " + summation);

The output will be 70, as BiFunction called addFunction which do the adding.

Now suppose we have to build another logic, Say I pass a number then a base will automatically apply to it. The base value is  10.

So if the base is 10 and I pass 20 then the output will be 10 + 20 =30(base + actual parameter).

How would you write this function?

Very easy isn’t it, we should write it in the following manner

public Integer baseCompute(Integer value,Function<Integer,Integer> function){
       return function.apply(value);
    }


It takes a value and a Function which takes one Integer as input and return another Integer So that this function takes the passing value apply base to it and return the resultant value.

We call this baseCompute method by the following call,

Function<Integer,Integer> baseFunction =  (value)-> 10 + value;//declare base
      Integer baseResult = fc.baseCompute(20,baseFunction);
      System.out.println("Base computation " + baseResult);


The output will be 30.
So far so good, But if you are a Clean coder you are not happy with it because you observe

BiFunction<Integer,Integer,Integer> addFunction =  (a,b)-> a+b;
Function<Integer,Integer> baseFunction =  (value)-> 10 + value;

The addFunction and baseFunction body are same, so you duplicate your code breaking the DRY principle. So you must search for an option where you can reuse the same addFunction instead of writing a new baseFunction, But the problem is the Structure of addFunction is different from the base function. addFunction takes two parameters and base takes one, But conceptually both are doing same work,

addFunction add two parameters, baseFunction takes one parameter and add base value internally.

Think How you can solve the problem while I taking a short break for breakfast.

We can solve this problem, by fixing a parameter in the bi-function. As we know the base value is 10 so if we apply that value and take another value from caller then we can reuse the BiFunction.

So we could rewrite the baseCompute method like following

 public Integer applyPartialInternalCompute(Integer value,BiFunction<Integer,Integer,Integer> function){
       return function.apply(10,value);
    }


And calls the above method like following

BiFunction<Integer,Integer,Integer> addFunction =  (a,b)-> a+b;
Integer baseInternal = fc.applyPartialInternalCompute(20, addFunction);
 System.out.println("Base Internal " + baseInternal);



Congrats you have written your first partial function, Where you fixed you first parameter and takes a parameter from Caller.

It is the essence of Partial function apply a partial part of the function and returns a new function which can take remaining arguments. So it is consists of two thing



  1. Applying a part.
  2. Return a new function after applying one argument.

Mathametically

f ( x , y ) = x+y
After applying the  first parameter of function
f(2,y)=N(y)=2+y; where N(Y) is a new function returned after currying.


But what we did in our applyPartialInternalCompute method is not returning a new function or the intermediate function after partial applying the first value- Which is base value,  so it is not properly curryed this is very basic version, Let see how can we improve the function so we can get the new intermediate function after applying the first argument base.

public Function<Integer,Integer> applyPartialExternalCompute(Integer base,BiFunction<Integer,Integer,Integer> function){
       return value->function.apply(base,value);
    }


This is a more sophisticated version, It takes a Bi-function and a base value, Then apply the base value to the BiFunction and return a new Function which takes One parameter from the caller and returns another Integer.

So this function works as an adapter, It takes Bi-function applying a parameter or fixing a parameter and returns new Intermediate function to work upon,


BiFunction<Integer,Integer,Integer> = Fixed Base value + Function<Integer,Integer>

Please note that the returning function is looks  like of our baseFunction   Function<Integer,Integer> baseFunction =  (value)-> 10 + value;//declare base

This is called Function Currying, so we can use the BiFunction at fullest, So a BiFunction can take two parameters also it serves any functionality which takes one argument by fixing the first one.

How to call the applyPartialExternalCompute method,

Integer basepartial= fc.applyPartialExternalCompute(10, addFunction).apply(20);
System.out.println("Base External " + basepartial);


Our above solution is very good, and we properly use function Currying to remove conceptual duplication but wait there is still some glitch in the method we have written.

It takes Bi-function and a value and returns a Function, So every time we invoke this method it applies the parameter to BiFunction and return a new Function, But why should we perform two steps every time if we got the readymade intermediate function then we just apply our values,
Suppose there is a function which takes three arguments then we have to write two adapter functions one takes tri-function and return a Bi-function and another takes Bi-function and return a function,

So if parameter values are n we have to write n-1 adaptor methods. Which is again a duplication, So if the Curry function itself generates all intermediate structures then it will be a full proof solution lets implement this,

public   Function<Integer,Function<Integer,Integer>> applyCurryingCompute(BiFunction<Integer,Integer,Integer> function){
       return value->(base->function.apply(base,value));
    }


Yes, we are waiting for this implementation, and it is the Crux of this article, By above Curry function we should have every intermediate function and we can do any functionality by fixing others,

It takes a Bi-Function which returns an Intermediate function which takes an argument and returns a function which again takes another argument and lastly returns an Integer.

Hard to understand,

Then see the following transformation to understand what actually going on

(x,y)->z = x->(y->z)   BiFunction changes it structure after currying and create a new structure
(Integer,Integer)=Integer - > Integer =Integer->( Integer->Integer)

f(y)=x->f(x,y)=z where x->f(x,y) means x applied on Bifunction creates a function of y which is equivalent to Z

So (x->y)->z = x->(y->z).


How to call above applyCurryingCompute method

Integer baseCurry= fc.applyCurryingCompute(addFunction).apply(10).apply(20);
System.out.println("Base Curry " + baseCurry);


The full version of the program

package com.example.function.curry;

import java.util.function.BiFunction;
import java.util.function.Function;

public class FunctionCurrying {
   
    public  Integer compute(Integer a, Integer b,BiFunction<Integer,Integer,Integer> function){      
       return function.apply(a,b);
    }
    public Integer baseCompute(Integer value,Function<Integer,Integer> function){
       return function.apply(value);
    }
   
    public Integer applyPartialInternalCompute(Integer value,BiFunction<Integer,Integer,Integer> function){
       return function.apply(10,value);
    }
    public Function<Integer,Integer> applyPartialExternalCompute(Integer base,BiFunction<Integer,Integer,Integer> function){
       return value->function.apply(base,value);
    }
   
    public   Function<Integer,Function<Integer,Integer>> applyCurryingCompute(BiFunction<Integer,Integer,Integer> function){
       return value->(base->function.apply(base,value));
    }
   
   
    public static void main(String[] args) {
       FunctionCurrying fc = new FunctionCurrying();
       BiFunction<Integer,Integer,Integer> addFunction =  (a,b)-> a+b;
       Function<Integer,Integer> baseFunction =  (value)-> 10 + value;
       Integer summation = fc.compute(50, 20, addFunction);
       System.out.println("Summation is " + summation);
       Integer baseResult = fc.baseCompute(20,baseFunction);
       System.out.println("Base computation " + baseResult);
       Integer baseInternal = fc.applyPartialInternalCompute(20, addFunction);
       System.out.println("Base Internal " + baseInternal);
       Integer basepartial= fc.applyPartialExternalCompute(10, addFunction).apply(20);
       System.out.println("Base External " + basepartial);
       Integer baseCurry= fc.applyCurryingCompute(addFunction).apply(10).apply(20);
       System.out.println("Base Curry " + baseCurry); 
     
     
   }  
   

}




Conclusion: Function Currying is a rich technique, In the functional program we use it often to get rid of conceptual duplication. You can use it in Java 8 now so Please use the concept wisely.

Java:Pushing runtime behaviour without Lambda

Java:Pushing runtime behaviour without Lambda



In Java8 one of the best features is Lambda Expression The Idea of Lambda expression is passing a behavior to a method.

This has been adopted from Functional programming, In Functional programming, we can pass a function  as an argument of another function or can returns a function. The function takes a function as an argument or returns a function called
Higher order function.


The benefit of this type of design is you can pass behavior and values together, so a single function can perform all types of actions on those values.

Say, I want to create the calculator so in java we have to create methods like add, subtract, multiply etc. But in the functional program paradigm, we create one method which takes another method as an argument where we define what to do.

Pseudo code
Higher order function

function void caculate (a,b,f){
    f(a,b);
}

Calling

calculate(10,20,funtion(y,z){// define and pass the method on fly

y+z;
});


In Java8 using Lambda, we can do the same if you want to know details about Lambda can consult my post  http://javaonfly.blogspot.in/2016/08/java8-lambda.html


But here we will discuss How we can achieve the same thing without Lambda. As may, many projects has not adopted java 8 due to some restrictions.

We can achieve the same by using  Interface and Anonymous class.

Step 1: Create an Interface which will provide the contract for the behavior/strategy, i.e add, subtract, multiply functionality.

So How we will achieve the same



package com.example.runtime.behaviour;

public interface IStrategy {
   
   public void operation(int operand1,int operand2);

}


Step 2: Next I will create a Calculator class where we create a method called calculate which takes two operands and the IStrategy interface as arguments.

It acts like functional programming Higher order function where we can pass method/behavior runtime.

While calling this calculate method I pass the actual implementation of IStrategy interface by using Anonymous class.

By this way, we can push behavior on runtime without Lambda Expression.


package com.example.runtime.behaviour;

public class Calculator {
   
   public void caculate(int operand1,int operand2,IStrategy runtimeBehaviour){
      runtimeBehaviour.operation(operand1, operand2);
     
   }
   
   public static void testAllOperation(){
     
      Calculator calc = new Calculator();
      calc.caculate(10, 20, new IStrategy(){

          @Override
          public void operation(int operand1, int operand2) {
              int result = operand1+operand2;
              System.out.println("ADD:: " + result);
             
          }
         
      });
     
     
      calc.caculate(10, 20, new IStrategy(){

          @Override
          public void operation(int operand1, int operand2) {
              int result = operand1*operand2;
              System.out.println("Multiply:: " + result);
             
          }
         
      });
   }
   
   public static void main(String[] args) {
      Calculator.testAllOperation();
   }

}



Look at the testAllOperationMethod here we pass two operands 10,20 and implementation of IStrategy one are for add another for multiplication.

So rather creating  4 different methods add, multiply, subtract, the division we can create one method which will support all possible operations taken on operand1 and operand2.

In Future, if any new operation like modulus will be added easily in this approach but if we use one method for one operation then you need to add a new method called modulus to Calculator class which will break Open close principle.